Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction -- 1.1. What is the purpose of this book? -- 1.2. Why does corruption matter? -- 1.3. What is our framework for understanding corruption? -- 1.4. How can a corrupt country shift to a low-corruption equilibrium? -- 1.5. What are other frameworks for thinking about corruption? -- 1.6. What will you read in the chapters to come? -- 1.7. What did we learn in chapter 1? -- 2. What Is Corruption? -- 2.1. How do we define corruption? -- 2.2. Is corruption necessarily illegal? -- 2.3. How do we measure corruption? -- 2.4. How is political corruption different from bureaucratic corruption? -- 2.5. How is corruption different from corporate malfeasance? -- 2.6. Is influence peddling a form of corruption? -- 2.7. Do clientelism and patronage involve corruption? -- 2.8. Does electoral fraud Involve corruption? -- 2.9. What did we learn In chapter 2? -- 3. Where Is Corruption Most Prevalent? -- 3.1. Why is corruption more common in poor countries?

Note continued: 3.2. Why do some low-corruption countries remain poor? -- 3.3. How does corruption decline as countries get richer? -- 3.4. Why have some rich countries failed to stamp out corruption? -- 3.5. Is there less corruption than there was twenty years ago -- or more? -- 3.6. Do government scandals mean that corruption is getting worse? -- Case Study: The Peruvian Vladivideos -- 3.7. Are anticorruption campaigns smoke screens for political vendettas? -- 3.8. Have developed countries merely legalized corruption with money in politics? -- 3.9. Why aren't there just two levels of corruption in the world -- high and low? -- 3.10. What did we learn in chapter 3? -- 4. What Are the Consequences of Corruption? -- 4.1. Does corruption reduce economic growth? -- 4.2. How does corruption affect the regulation of business (and vice versa)? -- 4.3. How does corruption affect worker welfare? -- 4.4. What are the consequences of corruption in public construction?

Note continued: 4.5. Does corruption increase economic Inequality? -- 4.6. Does corruption reduce trust in government? -- 4.7. Are some types of corruption more damaging than others? Part I: Centralized versus decentralized corruption -- Case Study: Extortion in San Pedro Sula -- 4.8. Are some types of corruption more damaging than others? Part II: Uncertainty -- 4.9. Are some types of corruption more damaging than others? Part III: Holding up businesses via corruption -- 4.10. How do natural resources affect corruption -- and how does corruption affect the environment? -- 4.11. Does corruption have any benefits? -- 4.12. What did we learn in chapter 4? -- 5. Who Is Involved in Corruption, and Why? -- 5.1. Why do civil servants take bribes? -- 5.2. Why do politicians extort bribes? -- Case Study: Profiting from political office in India -- 5.3. How do we incorporate morality into our model of bribe giving and taking? -- 5.4. How do politicians foster corruption among bureaucrats?

Note continued: 5.5. Why do individual companies pay bribes? -- Case Study: The value of political connections in Indonesia and in the United States -- 5.6. Why don't companies band together to refuse to pay bribes? -- 5.7. What do ordinary people think about corruption? -- 5.8. If they don't like corruption, why do individual citizens pay bribes? -- 5.9. What did we learn in chapter 5? -- 6. What Are the Cultural Bases of Corruption? -- 6.1. What is meant by a culture of corruption? -- 6.2. Can we change individual attitudes toward corruption? -- 6.3. How do cultures of corruption propagate themselves? -- 6.4. Is corruption more common in "gift-giving" cultures? -- 6.5. Is corruption more prevalent among members of some religious groups than others? -- 6.6. Are some ethnic groups predisposed to corruption? -- 6.7. What did we learn in chapter 6? -- 7. How Do Political Institutions Affect Corruption? -- 7.1. Are democratic political regimes less corrupt than autocracies?

Note continued: 7.2. Are all types of autocracies equally corrupt? -- 7.3. Do elections reduce corruption? -- 7.4. Does partisan competition reduce corruption? -- 7.5. Does single-party government perpetuate corruption? -- 7.6. Are some democratic systems of government better for reducing corruption? -- 7.7. Does political decentralization reduce corruption? -- 7.8. Do term limits limit corruption -- or encourage It? -- 7.9. Do campaign finance regulations reduce corruption -- or encourage it? -- 7.10. What did we leam in chapter 7? -- 8. How Do Countries Shift from High to Low Corruption? -- 8.1. Why do voters reelect corrupt politicians? -- 8.2. Does lack of information lead voters to reelect corrupt politicians? -- 8.3. Why do voters need to coordinate to get rid of corrupt officials? -- Case Study: How Italian voters threw out a corrupt political class -- 8.4. How do external forces trigger the fight against corruption? -- 8.5. How can political leadership reduce corruption?

Note continued: 8.6. What did we learn in chapter 8? -- 9. What Can Be Done to Reduce Corruption? -- 9.1. What government policies reduce corruption? -- 9.2. Does gradual reform work as well as a "big bang" approach? -- 9.3. What tools are most effective in combating corruption? -- 9.4. How does norm change occur? -- 9.5. Can political corruption ever be entirely eradicated? -- 9.6. What did we learn in chapter 9? -- NOTES -- ch. 1 Introduction -- ch. 2 What Is Corruption? -- ch. 3 Where Is Corruption Most Prevalent? -- ch. 4 What Are the Consequences of Corruption? -- ch. 5 Who Is Involved in Corruption, and Why? -- ch. 6 What Are the Cultural Bases of Corruption? -- ch. 7 How Do Political Institutions Affect Corruption? -- ch. 8 How Do Countries Shift from High to Low Corruption? -- ch. 9 What Can Be Done to Reduce Corruption?