Part 1: Understanding The Contexts Of Child Development -- 1: Frameworks for development -- Child development in space and time -- Contexts of child development -- Ecological model -- Developmental niche of childhood -- Perceptions of children across time -- Key issues in child development -- Nature and Nurture as sources of influence -- Research & society: Social construction of childhood -- Stability and change in developmental pathways -- Typical development and individual variation -- Cultural differences and similarities in development -- Child development research in applied contexts -- Parenting -- Schools and child care -- Social policy -- Conversations: Conversations with an outreach liaison -- Theoretical perspectives-an overview -- Psychoanalytic approaches -- Evolutionary and biological approaches -- Ethology -- John Bowlby's attachment theory -- Evolutionary developmental psychology -- Behavioral and social learning approaches -- Classical conditioning -- B F Skinner's operant conditioning -- Social learning theory -- Cognitive-developmental approaches -- Piaget's theory of cognitive development -- Information processing model -- Sociocultural approach: Work of Vygotsky -- Applications: Theories as everyday explanations for behavior -- 2: Studying child development and its contexts -- Studying children -- From observation and theory to hypothesis -- Ensuring objectivity -- Methods used to study children -- Descriptive methods -- Observation -- Interview methods -- Case studies -- Correlational research -- Conversations: Conversations with a cross-cultural psychologist -- Experimental research -- Studying development -- Longitudinal research -- Applications: wise consumers of research on development -- Cross-sectional research -- Cross-sequential design -- Microgenetic method -- Issues in the study of children -- Ethical considerations in child development research -- Cultural considerations in child development research -- Conversations: Studying AIDS orphans in Africa -- 3: Biological context of development -- Mechanisms of inheritance -- Cell division -- Inside the chromosome -- Mendel's studies -- Principles of genetic transmission -- Principles of inheritance since Mendel -- Genes and behavior -- Family studies -- Adoption studies -- Twin studies -- Interaction of genes and environment -- Reaction range -- Gene-environment correlations -- Nonshared environment -- Genetic disorders -- Hereditary autosomal disorders -- Dominant traits -- Recessive traits -- X-linked disorders -- Research & society: Human genome project -- Structural defects in the chromosome -- Autosomal defects -- Disorders of the sex chromosomes -- Genetic counseling -- Counseling session -- Population screening -- Pathways to parenthood -- Assisted reproduction -- Effects of art on child development -- Adoption -- Applications: Journey to parenthood -- Conversations: Conversations with an adoption social worker -- Part 2: Contexts Of Physical Development -- 4: Prenatal development, birth, and the newborn -- Pregnancy -- Factors that influence conception -- Impacts of parental age -- Prenatal screening -- Ultrasound -- Amniocentesis -- Chorionic villus sampling -- Endoscopic fetoscopy -- Test-tube screening -- Prenatal treatment -- Medical therapy -- Surgery -- Genetic engineering -- Ethical considerations -- Research & society: Technology and gender selection -- Stages of prenatal development -- Period of the zygote (first two weeks) -- Period of the embryo (3rd to 8th week) -- Period of the fetus (9th to 38th week) -- Prenatal environmental influences -- Teratogens -- Illegal and harmful drugs -- Tobacco -- Alcohol -- Therapeutic drugs -- Environmental hazards -- Infectious diseases -- Herpes -- HIV -- Syphilis and gonorrhea -- Maternal health -- Nutrition -- Stress -- Prenatal care -- Birth -- Labor and delivery -- Childbirth and society -- Conversations: Conversations with a certified professional midwife -- Newborn -- Assessing the newborns health -- Birth complications -- Birthweight and gestational age -- Applications: Caring for preterm and low-birth weight infants in the NICU -- 5: Early capacities in infancy -- Organized infant -- States of arousal -- Changing sleep patterns -- Applications: Sleep in cultural perspective -- Reflexes -- Congenitally organized behaviors -- Looking -- Sucking -- Crying -- Motor development -- Development of motor skills in infancy -- Motor development in cultural context -- Dynamic systems approach to motor development -- Motor development in childhood -- Conversations: Conversation with an infant physical therapist -- Perceptual development -- Studying perceptual development -- Touch, smell, taste, and vestibular sensitivity -- Touch -- Smell and taste -- Vestibular sensitivity -- Hearing -- Prenatal hearing -- Sound localization -- Vision -- Visual acuity -- Color vision -- Visual pattern and contrast -- Visual organization -- Face perception -- Can newborns recognize their mothers' faces? -- Perception of objects and their properties -- Size constancy -- Seeing objects as continuous -- Research & society: Infants' perception of motion -- Perception of depth -- Integrated senses -- Exploration -- Representation -- Attention and action -- Development of attention -- Helping children with attentional problems -- 6: Brain, physical growth, and health -- Brain -- Structure of the brain -- Development of the brain -- Hemispheric specialization -- Developing brain and early experience -- Research & society: Imaging the brain -- Physical growth -- Changes in physical growth across time and place -- Individual differences in growth rates -- Gender -- Genetic factors -- Malnutrition and illness -- Changes in body proportion and composition -- Puberty changes and timing -- Cultural and social attitudes toward puberty -- Physical health in infancy -- Infant mortality -- Nutrition -- Breastfeeding -- Cultural perspectives on weaning and feeding -- Malnutrition -- Conversations: Conversations with a family nutritionist -- Sleep -- Immunization and child health care -- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) -- Physical health in childhood and adolescence -- Physical activity and sports participation -- Obesity -- Eating disorders -- Substance use and abuse -- Applications: Just say no? teens, sexuality, and society.

Part 3: Contexts Of Cognitive Development -- 7: Piaget and Vygotsky -- Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory -- Mechanisms of cognitive change -- Concept of stages -- Cognition during infancy: the sensorimotor period -- Six substages of sensorimotor thought -- Object permanence -- Testing Piaget: Recent work on infant cognition -- Violation of expectancy method -- Representing hidden objects -- Deferred imitation -- Thought in the preschooler: the preoperational period -- Symbolic function -- Emergence of symbolic play -- Symbolic advances of early childhood -- Applications: Selecting developmentally appropriate play materials -- Strengths of preoperational thought -- Limitations of preoperational thought -- Egocentrism -- Perspective-taking abilities -- Centration -- Focus on appearances -- Middle-childhood intelligence: the concrete operational period -- Concept of operations -- Conservation -- Relational reasoning: class inclusion and seriation -- Testing Piaget: Operational vs preoperational differences -- Preoperational perspective taking -- Preoperational conservation -- Adolescent and adult: the formal operational period -- Hypothetical-deductive reasoning -- Reasoning about pendulums -- Testing Piaget: Formal operations vs concrete operations -- Evaluating Piaget's theory -- Issue of stages -- Issue of universality -- Vygotsky and the sociocultural approach -- Temporal contexts of development -- Social origins of thought -- Use of cultural tools and artifacts -- Interacting with toys and objects -- Research & society: Weaving generations together: evolving creativity in the Maya of Chiapas -- Implications of object play for development -- Role of pretend play -- Piaget and Vygotsky on language and thought -- Impacts of Piaget and Vygotsky on education -- Conversations: Conversations with an early childhood educator -- Comparing the cognitive-developmental and sociocultural approaches -- 8: Information processing and core knowledge approaches -- Information processing approach to cognition -- Computer simulations and neural networks -- Microgenetic studies -- Memory -- Basic memory processes in infancy -- Recognition memory -- Recall memory -- Research & society: Children's eyewitness testimony -- Conversations: Conversations with a child therapist -- Developmental changes in memory -- Cognitive tools -- Role of strategies -- Developmental changes in strategy use -- Variability in strategy use -- Role of knowledge: experts and novices -- Role of metacognition -- Developmental changes in metacognition -- Effects of metacognition on memory performance -- Problem solving -- Rule-based problem solving -- Preschoolers' rule-based reasoning -- Developments in rule-based reasoning -- Reasoning by analogy -- Contributions of memory to problem solving -- Mechanisms of cognitive change -- Information processing and academic learning -- Strategy construction and selection in arithmetic -- Development of a conceptual knowledge base in physics -- Metacognitive awareness in comprehension -- Core knowledge approach to cognition -- Knowledge of the physical world -- Understanding solidity and continuity -- Understanding physical causality -- Understanding the social world -- Understanding human behavior -- Understanding psychological states -- Evaluating the core knowledge approach -- Theory of mind -- Applications: Brains in a box: do new age toys deliver on the promise? -- Impacts of cognitive skills on theory of mind -- Learning in social contexts -- Representational skills -- Metacognitive skills -- Evaluating theory of mind -- 9: Intelligence and schooling -- Intelligence: IQ testing and the psychometric approach -- Measuring intelligence -- Stanford-Binet -- Wechsler scales -- Other tests of childhood intelligence -- Evaluating intelligence tests -- Individual and group differences in IQ -- Genetic versus environmental influences on individual IQ scores -- Concept of heritability -- Factors that influence performance on IQ tests -- Genetics -- Cultural bias in the tests -- Applications: reducing stereotype threat in minority populations -- Influence of the environment -- Alternative conceptions of intelligence -- Evolutionary approaches -- Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence -- Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences -- Giftedness and creativity -- Schooling: variations and effects -- Culture and the cognitive effects of schooling -- Social organization of classroom instruction -- Teacher expectations -- Research & society: Culture, schooling, and the mind -- Class and school size -- School transitions -- School effectiveness -- Schooling as a mesosystem -- Ability grouping -- Tracking -- Single-gender classrooms -- Mainstreaming and inclusion: teaching students with special needs -- Motivation to learn -- Motivation to achieve -- Conversations: Conversations with a special educator -- Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation -- Other factors associated with motivation -- Culture, diversity, and schooling -- Ethnicity -- Socioeconomic status -- Ounce of prevention: compensatory education -- Abecedarian project -- Head start -- Culture, classrooms, and academic performance -- 10: Language and communication -- Components of language -- Sounds and words -- Sentences and communication -- Theories of language development -- Learning approach -- Nativist approach -- Cognitive-developmental approach -- Sociocultural approach -- Preverbal communication in infancy -- Speech perception -- Early sounds and gestures -- Semantics: first words and vocabulary -- Early vocabulary development -- Individual and cultural differences -- Children's first words and word combinations -- Learning the meaning of words -- Roles of parents and children in semantic learning -- Grammar: communicating in sentences -- Conversations: Conversations with a speech-language pathologist -- Development of grammar -- Mechanisms of grammar acquisition -- Environmental contributions to mastery of grammar -- Development of pragmatics: socially appropriate use of language -- Speech acts -- Discourse -- Social referential communication -- Contexts that influence language development -- Learning language in diverse family contexts -- Early experiences with books and oral language -- Early experiences with television and computers -- Applications: Teaching children to read -- Language development in multilingual settings -- Research & society: Bilingual education -- Language development across cultures.

Part 4: Contexts Of Social And Emotional Development -- 11: Social and emotional worlds of infants and young children -- Temperament -- How is infant temperament measured? -- Dimensions of temperament -- Understanding different temperament profiles -- Goodness of fit: parenting and temperament -- Stability of temperament and later personality -- Emotions and early communication -- Understanding emotions -- Development of emotional expression -- Emotions and responding to others -- Stranger anxiety -- Social referencing -- Emotions and parent-infant interactions -- Parent-infant interaction cycles -- Parent-infant interaction patterns -- Problems in parent-infant interaction -- Emotions in cross-cultural perspective -- Socialization of emotions -- Emotional display rules -- Attachment to others -- Why do infants become attached? -- Drive reduction theories -- Other psychoanalytic perspectives -- Ethological approaches -- Bowlby's ethological theory of attachment -- Individual differences in attachment -- Applications: Promoting healthy parent-infant relationships -- Causes and consequences of individual differences in attachment -- Temperament and attachment -- Consequences of attachment -- Attachment across generations -- Culture and attachment -- Attachment relationships in a changing world -- Nonparental care and attachment -- Changing role of fathers -- Attachment and the family courts -- Research & society: In the child's best interest? -- Conversations: Conversations with a CASA volunteer supervisor -- Social and emotional development in contexts of risk -- Trauma -- Abuse and neglect -- Childhood hospitalization -- Severe emotional deprivation -- Risk and resilience -- 12: Self and identity -- Theories of the self -- Psychoanalytic approaches to the self -- Cognitive-developmental approaches to the self -- Environmental learning approaches to the self -- Evolutionary and biological approaches to the self -- Sociocultural approaches to the self -- Self-knowledge -- Research & society: Culture and the self -- Discovery of the self in infancy -- Self-recognition -- Self-Recognition over time -- Individual differences in self-recognition -- Awareness of self and others -- Developmental changes in self-descriptions -- Self-control -- Compliance -- Delay of gratification -- Internalization and development of conscience -- Self-evaluation and self-esteem -- Understanding and measuring of self-esteem -- Methods of measurement -- Harter's self-perception profile for children -- Marsh's self-description questionnaire -- Developmental progression of self-esteem -- Gender differences in self-esteem -- Academic self-concept -- Dweck's motivational model of achievement -- Development of motivation: work with preschool children -- Children's Implicit theories of intelligence -- Effects of praise and criticism -- Role of social comparisons -- Role of parenting styles -- Effects of academic self-concept -- Cultural perspectives on understanding the self -- Conversations: Conversations with a school guidance counselor -- Identity and society -- Erikson and Marcia on identity crisis -- Social and cultural influences on identity -- Ethnic identity -- Applications: Possible selves and academic achievement -- Identity construction as an ongoing process -- 13: Sex differences and gender role development -- Sex differences: perceived and real -- Physical differences -- Vulnerability -- Activity level -- Motor development -- Cognitive differences -- Language and verbal abilities -- Quantitative abilities -- Spatial abilities -- Applications: Should schools teach visual-spatial skills? -- Social and personality differences -- Emotional development -- Self-control -- Aggression -- Prosocial behavior -- Activities and interests -- Friends and companions -- Influences on sex differences and gender role development -- Biological influences -- Genes and hormones -- Hormonal regulation and abnormalities -- Research & society: When genotype and phenotype don't match -- Brain lateralization -- Social influences -- Society and the media -- Teachers -- Parents -- Siblings -- Peers -- Child's active participation in gender role development -- Self-selecting processes -- Role of cognition in gender identity -- Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental approach -- Schema theory -- Gender role development -- Development of gender knowledge -- Flexibility of gender stereotypes -- Conversations: Conversations with men in nontraditional roles -- Influences of gender knowledge on behavior -- Toy preferences -- Motivation -- Memory -- Social judgments -- Development of sexual relationships and behavior -- Emergence of romantic and sexual interest -- Origins of sexual orientation -- Biological influences -- Social influences -- Gender identity and transsexualism.

14: Moral development -- Theories of moral development -- Piaget's model of moral development -- Kohlberg's stages of moral development -- Turiel's moral domains -- Cultural construction approach -- Influences on moral development -- Research & society: When are we obligated to help others? cultural differences in children's perceptions -- Peer influences on moral reasoning -- Parent influences on moral reasoning -- Psychological factors that influence moral behavior -- Prosocial behavior -- Empathy and sympathy -- Helping and sharing -- Conversations: Conversations with a marriage and family therapist -- Conflict resolution -- Individual differences -- Gender differences -- Social and cultural differences -- Determinants of prosocial behavior -- Kin selection and reciprocal altruism -- Moral affect and moral reasoning -- Social participation and socialization -- Aggression -- Age and gender differences in aggression -- Biological determinants of aggression -- Cognitive and affective influences on aggression -- Sociocultural and family determinants of aggression -- Family processes -- Peer relations -- Television and real-life violence -- Controlling childhood aggression -- Parent and child training -- School-based programs -- Applications: Intervening in the lives of aggressive children -- 15: Relationships with peers -- Peer sociability -- Types of play -- Friendship -- Determinants of friendship -- Behavior with friends -- Intimacy -- Effects of friendship -- Peer acceptance -- Peer status -- Peer status and problem-solving skills -- Stability of peer status -- Research & society: Bullying and victimization in school -- Peer relations in cultural perspective -- Applications: Enhancing peer competence among shy children -- Social contexts of peer relationships -- Conformity to peers -- Family-peer connections -- Siblings and peers -- Parents and peers -- Peer relations as a source of resilience -- Conversations: Conversations with a community mental health practitioner -- 16: Families and society -- Parenting styles -- Contextual influences on parenting styles -- Parenting Roles: mothers and fathers -- Research & society: Cross-cultural perspectives on parental acceptance and rejection -- Child's contribution -- Family as a social system -- Siblings -- Sibling relationships over time -- Effects of siblings -- Grandparents -- Families in cultural perspective -- Social Support and the family system -- Families in social context -- Families and the media -- Families, schools, and communities -- Socioeconomic influences -- Families living in the context of poverty -- Ethnicity and race -- Families and immigration -- Applications: Building tolerance in a diverse society -- Families in a changing society -- Divorce and blended families -- Effects of divorce -- Determinants of effects -- Remarriage -- Single-parent families -- Single-parent families formed through divorce -- Single-parents who have never married -- Adoptive and foster families -- Conversations: Conversations with a child protective services administrator -- Families headed by gay and lesbian parents -- Glossary -- References -- Author index -- Subject index.