From the simple representative shapes used to record transactions of goods and services in ancient Egypt to the sophisticated typographical resources available to twenty-first-century computer users, the story of writing is the story of human civilization itself. Calligraphy expert Ewan Clayton marks each step in the historical development of writing, and explores the social and cultural impact of every stage: the invention of the alphabet; the replacement of the papyrus scroll with the codex in the late Roman period; the perfecting of printing using movable type in the fifteenth century and the ensuing spread of literacy; the industrialization of printing during the Industrial Revolution; the impact of artistic Modernism on the written word in the early twentieth century, and of the digital switchover at the century's close.