Doing Fieldwork: Tamie Tsuchiyama and Fieldwork in a Japanese-American Internment Camp -- How and Why Do Males and Females Differ? -- Shifting Views on Male and Female Differences -- Beyond the Male-Female Binary -- Do Hormones Really Cause Gendered Differences in Behavior? -- Why Is There Inequality Between Men and Women? -- Debating "The Second Sex" -- Taking Stock of the Debate -- Reproducing Male-Female Inequalities -- What Does It Mean to Be Neither Male Nor Female? -- Navajo Nadleehe -- Indian Hijras -- Trans in the United States -- Is Human Sexuality just a Matter of Being Straight or Queer? -- Cultural Perspectives on Same-Sex Sexuality -- Controlling Sexuality -- Classic Contributions: Margaret Mead and the Sex/Gender Distinction -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Anthropological Perspectives on American (Non)Acceptance of Trans People -- Doing Fieldwork: Don Kulick and "Coming Out" in the Field -- What Are Families, and How Are They Structured in Different Societies? -- Families, Ideal and Real -- Nuclear and Extended Families -- Clans and Lineages -- Kinship Terminologies -- Cultural Patterns in Childrearing -- How Do Families Control Power and Wealth? -- Claiming a Bride -- Recruiting the Kids -- The Dowry in India: Providing a Financial Safety Net for a Bride -- Controlling Family Wealth Through Inheritance -- Why Do People Get Married? -- Why People Get Married -- Forms of Marriage -- Sex, Love, and the Power of Families Over Young Couples -- How Are Social and Technological Changes Reshaping How People Think About Family? -- International Adoptions and the Problem of Cultural Identity -- In Vitro Fertilization -- Surrogate Mothers and Sperm Donors -- Classic Contributions: A.L. Kroeber on Classificatory Systems of Relationship -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Genealogical Amnesia in Bali, Indonesia, and the United States -- Doing Fieldwork: Andrea Louie on Negotiating Identity and Culture in International Adoptions -- How Should We Understand Religion and Religious Beliefs? -- Understanding Religion, Version 1.0: Edward Burnett Tylor and Belief in Spirits -- Understanding Religion, Version 2.0: Anthony F.C. Wallace on Supernatural Beings, Powers, and Forces -- Understanding Religion, Version 3.0: Religion as a System of Symbols -- Understanding Religion, Version 4.0: Religion as a System of Social Action -- Making Sense of the Terrorist Attacks in France: Charlie Hebdo -- What Forms Does Religion Take? -- Clan Spirits and Clan Identities in New Guinea -- Totemism in North America -- Shamanism and Ecstatic Religious Experiences -- Ritual Symbols That Reinforce a Hierarchical Social Order -- Polytheism and Monotheism in Ancient Societies -- World Religions and Universal Understandings of the World -- How Does Atheism Fit in the Discussion? -- How Do Rituals Work? -- Magical Thought in Non-Western Cultures -- Sympathetic Magic: The Law of Similarity and the Law of Contagion -- Magic in Western Societies -- Rites of Passage and the Ritual Process -- How Is Religion Linked to Political and Social Action? -- The Rise of Fundamentalism -- Understanding Fundamentalism -- Classic Contributions: Sir James G. Frazer on Sympathetic Magic -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Examining Rites of Passage -- Doing Fieldwork: Studying the Sikh Militants -- How Do Biological and Cultural Factors Shape Our Bodily Experiences? -- Uniting Mind and Matter: A Biocultural Perspective -- Culture and Mental Illness -- What Do We Mean by Health and Illness? -- The Individual Subjectivity of Illness -- The "Sick Role": The Social Expectations of Illness -- How and Why Do Doctors and Other Health Practitioners Gain Social Authority? -- The Disease-Illness Distinction: Professional and Popular Views of Sickness -- The Medicalization of the Non-Medical -- How Does Healing Happen? -- Clinical Therapeutic Processes -- Symbolic Therapeutic Processes -- Social Support -- Persuasion: The Placebo Effect -- What Can Anthropology Contribute to Addressing Global Health Problems? -- Understanding Global Health Problems -- Anthropological Contributions to Tackling the International HIV/AIDS Crisis -- Classic Contributions: Arthur Kleinman and the New Medical Anthropological Methodology -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: The Emergence of New Disease Categories -- Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Nancy Scheper-Hughes on an Engaged Anthropology of Health -- Why Is the Ownership of Artifacts from Other Cultures a Contentious Issue? -- Questions of Ownership, Rights, and Protection -- Cultural Resource Management: Not Just for Archaeologists -- How Can Anthropology Help Us Understand Objects? -- The Many Dimensions of Objects -- A Shiny New Bicycle, in Multiple Dimensions -- The Power of Symbols -- The Symbols of Power -- How Do the Meanings of Things Change Over Time? -- The Social Life of Things -- Three Ways Objects Change Over Time -- How Do Objects Come to Represent Our Goals and Aspirations? -- The Cultural Biography of Things -- The Culture of Mass Consumption -- How Advertisers Manipulate Our Goals and Aspirations -- Classic Contributions: Daniel Miller on Why Some Things Matter -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Looking at Objects from Multiple Perspectives -- Anthropologist As Problem Solver: John Terrell, Repatriation, and the Maori Meeting House at The Field Museum.

How Did Anthropology Begin? -- The Disruptions of Industrialization -- The Theory of Evolution -- Colonial Origins of Cultural Anthropology -- Anthropology as a Global Discipline -- What Do the Four Subfields of Anthropology Have in Common? -- Culture -- Cultural Relativism -- Human Diversity -- Change -- Holism -- How Do Anthropologists Know What They Know? -- The Scientific Method in Anthropology -- When Anthropology Is Not a Science: Interpreting Other Cultures -- How Do Anthropologists Put Their Knowledge to Work in the World? -- Applied and Practicing Anthropology: The Fifth Subfield? -- Putting Anthropology to Work -- What Ethical Obligations Do Anthropologists Have? -- Do No Harm. But Is That Enough? -- Take Responsibility for Your Work. But How Far Does That Go? -- Share Your Findings. But Who Should Control Those Findings? -- Classic Contributions: Edward Burnett Tylor and the Culture Concept -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Should Anthropologists Take Responsibility for the Influences They Have on the Societies They Study? -- Doing Fieldwork: Conducting Holistic Research with Stanley Ulijaszek -- What Is Culture? -- Elements of Culture -- Defining Culture in This Book -- If Culture Is Always Changing, Why Does It Feel So Stable? -- Symbols -- Values -- Norms -- Traditions -- How Do Social Institutions Express Culture? -- Culture and Social Institutions -- American Culture Expressed Through Breakfast Cereals and Sexuality -- Can Anybody Own Culture? -- Classic Contributions: Franz Boas and the Relativity of Culture -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Understanding Holism -- Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Michael Ames and Collaborative Museum Exhibits -- What Distinguishes Ethnographic Fieldwork from Other Types of Social Research? -- Fieldwork -- Seeing the World from "the Native's Point of View" -- Avoiding Cultural "Tunnel Vision" -- How Do Anthropologists Actually Do Ethnographic Fieldwork? -- Participant Observation: Disciplined "Hanging Out" -- Interviews: Asking and Listening -- Scribbling: Taking Fieldnotes -- What Other Methods Do Cultural Anthropologists Use? -- Comparative Method -- Genealogical Method -- Life Histories -- Ethnohistory -- Rapid Appraisals -- Action Research -- Anthropology at a Distance -- Analysis of Secondary Materials -- Special Issues Facing Anthropologists Studying Their Own Societies -- What Unique Ethical Dilemmas Do Ethnographers Face? -- Protecting Informant Identity -- Anthropology, Spying, and War -- Classic Contributions: Bronislaw Malinowski on the Ethnographic Method -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Fieldwork in an American Mall -- Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Alcida Rita Ramos and Indigenous Rights in Brazil -- How Do Anthropologists Study Language? -- Where Does Language Come From? -- Evolutionary Perspectives on Language -- Historical Linguistics: Studying Language Origins and Change -- How Does Language Actually Work? -- Descriptive Linguistics -- Sociolinguistics -- Does Language Shape How We Experience the World? -- The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis -- Hopi Notions of Time -- Ethnoscience and Color Terms -- Is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Correct? -- If Language Is Always Changing, Why Does It Seem So Stable? -- Linguistic Change, Stability, and National Policy -- Language Stability Parallels Cultural Stability -- How Does Language Relate to Power and Social Inequality? -- Language Ideology -- Gendered Language Styles -- Language and Social Status -- Language and the Legacy of Colonialism -- Language and New Media Technologies -- Classic Contributions: Edward Sapir on How Language Shapes Culture -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Exploring Relationships of Power and Status in Local American Dialects -- Doing Fieldwork: Helping Communities Preserve Endangered Languages -- Is the World Really Getting Smaller? -- Defining Globalization -- The World We Live In -- What Are the Outcomes of Global Integration? -- Colonialism and World Systems Theory -- Cultures of Migration -- Resistance at the Periphery -- Globalization and Localization -- Doesn't Everyone Want to Be Developed? -- What Is Development? -- Development Anthropology -- Anthropology of Development -- Change on Their Own Terms -- If the World Is Not Becoming Homogenized, What Is Actually Happening? -- Cultural Convergence Theories -- Hybridization -- How Can Anthropologists Study Global Interconnections? -- Defining an Object of Study -- Multi-Sited Ethnography -- Classic Contributions: Eric Wolf, Culture, and the World System -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Understanding Global Integration Through Commodities -- Doing Fieldwork: Tracking Emergent Forms of Citizenship with Aihwa Ong -- Why Is There No Universal Human Diet? -- Human Dietary Adaptability and Constraints -- Cultural Influences on Human Evolution: Digesting Milk -- Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting? -- Foodways and Culture -- Foodways Are Culturally Constructed -- Foodways Communicate Symbolic Meaning -- Foodways Mark Social Boundaries and Identities -- Foodways Are Dynamic -- How Do Different Societies Get Food? -- Foraging -- Horticulture -- Pastoralism -- Intensive Agriculture -- Industrial Agriculture -- How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing? -- Contradictory Patterns in India's Changing Foodways -- Industrial Foods, Sedentary Lives, and the Nutrition Transition -- The Return of Local and Organic Foods? -- The Biocultural Logic of Local Foodways -- Classic Contributions: Audrey Richards and the Study of Foodways -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Food Preferences and Gender -- Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Teresa Mares and Migrant Farmworkers' Food Security in Vermont -- Do All People See Nature in the Same Way? -- The Human-Nature Divide? -- The Cultural Landscape -- How Does Non-Western Knowledge of Nature Relate to Science? -- Ethnoscience -- Traditional Ecological Knowledge -- Are Industrialized Western Societies the Only Ones to Conserve Nature? -- Anthropogenic Landscapes -- The Culture of Modern Nature Conservation -- Is Collaborative Conservation Possible? -- How Do Social and Cultural Factors Drive Environmental Destruction? -- Population and Environment -- Ecological Footprint -- Political Ecology -- Anthropology Confronts Climate Change -- Classic Contributions: Roy Rappaport's Insider and Outsider Models -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Identifying Hidden Costs -- Doing Fieldwork: James Fairhead and Melissa Leach on Misreading the African Landscape -- Is Money Really the Measure of All Things? -- Culture, Economics, and Value -- The Neoclassical Perspective -- The Substantivist-Formalist Debate -- The Marxist Perspective -- The Cultural Economics Perspective -- How Does Culture Shape the Value and Meaning of Money? -- The Cultural Dimensions of Money -- Money and the Distribution of Power -- Why Is Gift Exchange Such an Important Part of All Societies? -- Gift Exchange and Economy: Two Classic Approaches -- Gift Exchange in Market-Based Economies -- What Is the Point of Owning Things? -- Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Property -- Appropriation and Consumption -- Does Capitalism Have Distinct Cultures? -- Culture and Social Relations on Wall Street -- Entrepreneurial Capitalism Among Malays -- Classic Contributions: Marshall Sahlins on Exchange in Traditional Economies -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: The Role of Exchange in Managing Social Relationships -- Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Jim Yong Kim's Holistic, On-the-Ground Approach to Fighting Poverty -- Does Every Society Have a Government? -- The Idea of "Politics" and the Problem of Order -- Structural-Functionalist Models of Political Stability -- Neo-Evolutionary Models of Political Organization: Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States -- Challenges to Traditional Political Anthropology -- What Is Political Power? -- Defining Political Power -- Political Power Is Action-Oriented -- Political Power Is Structural -- Political Power Is Gendered -- Political Power in Non-State Societies -- The Political Power of the Contemporary Nation-State -- Why Do Some Societies Seem More Violent Than Others? -- What Is Violence? -- Violence and Culture -- Explaining the Rise of Violence in Our Contemporary World -- How Do People Avoid Aggression, Brutality, and War? -- What Disputes Are "About" -- How People Manage Disputes -- Is Restoring Harmony Always the Best Way? -- Classic Contributions: E.E. Evans-Pritchard on Segmentary Lineages -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: The Power of Personal Connections -- Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Maxwell Owusu and Democracy in Ghana -- Is Race Biological? -- The Biological Meanings (and Meaninglessness) of "Human Races" -- Race Does Have Biological Consequences -- How Is Race Culturally Constructed? -- The Construction of Blackness and Whiteness in Colonial Virginia and Beyond -- Racialization in Latin America -- Saying "Race Is Culturally Constructed" Is Not Enough -- How Are Other Social Classifications Naturalized? -- Ethnicity: Common Descent -- Class: Economic Hierarchy in Capitalist Societies -- Caste: Moral Purity and Pollution -- Are Prejudice and Discrimination Inevitable? -- Understanding Prejudice -- Discrimination, Explicit and Disguised -- The Other Side of Discrimination: Unearned Privilege -- Classic Contributions: Hortense Powdermaker on Prejudice -- Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Counting and Classifying Race in the American Census