Introduction / Dinah Shelton -- Religion / M. Christian Green and John Witte -- Moral philosophy / Siegfried van Duffel -- Biological foundations of human rights / Chris A. Robinson -- Sociology of human rights / Bryan S. Turner -- The psychological foundations of human rights / Robin Bradley Kar -- Anthropology and the grounds of human rights / Mark Goodale -- The foundations of justice and human rights in early legal texts and thought / Paul Gordon Lauren -- General principles and constitutions as sources of human rights law / Michael O'Boyle and Michelle Lafferty -- The anti-slavery movement and the rise of international non-governmental organizations / Jenny S. Martinez -- Diplomatic protection as a source of human rights law / Annemarieke Vermeer-Künzli -- Huanitarian law as a source of human rights law -- Gerd Oberleitner -- Social justice, rights, and labour / Janelle M. Diller -- The protection of minorities under the auspices of the League of Nations / Péter Kovács -- Human dignity / Paolo G. Carozza -- Subsidiarity / Gerald L. Neuman -- Sovereignty / Johan D. van der Vyver -- Solidarity / Rüdiger Wolfrum -- Equality / Jarlath Clifford -- Proportionality / Yutaka Arai-Takahashi -- Democracy and the rule of law / Christian Tomuschat -- The law-making process : from declaration to treaty to custom to prevention / Bertrand G. Ramcharan -- Core rights and obligations / Martin Scheinin -- Jus cogens and obligations erga omnes / Erika de Wet -- Positive and negative obligations / Dinah Shelton and Ariel Gould -- From commission to the council : evolution of UN charter bodies / Miloon Kothari -- The role and impact of treaty bodies / Nigel S. Rodley -- The role of international tribunals : law-making or creative interpretation? / Cecilia Medina Quiroga -- Universality and the growth of regional systems / Christof Heyns and Magnus Killander -- National implementation and interpretation / Nisuke Ando -- Roles and responsibilities of non-state actors / David Weissbrodt -- Interpretation of human rights treaties / Malgosia Fitzmaurice -- Enforcing human rights through economic sanctions / George A. Lopez -- Transnational litigation : jurisdiction and immunities / Chimène I. Keitner -- The use of international force to prevent or halt atrocities : from humanitarian intervention to the responsibility to protect / Ramesh Thakur -- Trade law and investment law / Sarah Joseph -- Creating and applying human rights indicators / Francisco López-Bermúdez -- Compliance / Gisella Gori -- What outcomes for victims? / Fiona McKay -- Human rights make a difference : lessons from Latin America / Juan E. Méndez and Catherine Cone.