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Title:
Essentials of English grammar / Otto Jesperson.
Author:
Jespersen, Otto, 1860-1943.
Publication Information:
London : Routledge, 2013.
Call Number:
PE1105 .J4 2013
ISBN:
9780415847469
Physical Description:
387 pages ; 24 cm
Contents:
Machine generated contents note: What is grammar? -- Local and social dialects. -- Spoken and written language. -- Formulas and free expressions. -- Expression, suppression, and impression. -- Prescriptive, descriptive, explanatory, historical, appreciative grammar. -- Purpose and plan of this grammar. -- Phonetic script. -- Lips. -- Tip of the tongue. -- Blade. -- Front and back of the tongue. -- Vowels. -- Soft palate. -- Vocal chords. -- Table of consonants. -- Syllables. -- Diphthongs. -- Length. -- Stress and tone. -- Sound laws. -- Alternations. -- Stress. -- The great vowel-shift. -- New [a,]. -- Weakening of r. -- Short vowels before r. -- ar, or, etc. -- Alternations with and without r. -- Influence of stress on vowels. -- Loss of e. -- Vowels in weak syllables. -- Loss of vowels in groups. -- Alternations in compounds. -- Strong and weak forms of the same word. -- Consonants. -- Tolerated consonant groups. -- Consonants dropped. -- Voiced and voiceless consonants.

Contents note continued: H. -- Assibilation. -- Stump-words. -- Causes of unphonetic spelling. -- French influence: ch, g, c, ou, u, o. -- Doubling of letters. -- Differentiation of i, j, u, v. -- Learned spellings. -- Substantives. -- Adjectives. -- Verbs. -- Pronouns. -- Numerals. -- Particles. -- Provisional survey of inflexions. -- Derivation of word-classes. -- Three ranks. -- Primaries: Adjectives. -- Adverbs. -- Pronouns. -- The prop-word one. -- Secondaries: Substantives. -- Pronouns. -- Adverbs. -- Tertiaries: Substantives. -- Adjectives. -- Pronouns. -- Rank of word-groups. -- Adjunct and adnex. -- Restrictive and non-restrictive adjuncts. -- Relation between adjunct and primary. -- Adjuncts of composite names. -- Apposition. -- Participles. -- Extraposition. -- Nexus. -- Dependent nexus. -- Subject and predicate. -- Object. -- Word-order. -- Inversion. -- Amorphous sentences. -- Agent and sufferer. -- Double-faced verbs. -- Split subjects. -- Object.

Contents note continued: Instrumental. -- Result. -- Cognate. -- Same verb different objects. -- Prepositional phrases. -- Reflexive. -- Reciprocal. -- Indirect object. -- The to-phrase. -- Transitive and intransitive. -- Objects after adjectives. -- Formation or the passive. -- Why is this turn chosen? -- The subject of a passive verb. -- Converted subject. -- Extraposition. -- Quasi-predicatives. -- Real predicatives. -- Linkverb. -- No verb. -- Predicatives of becoming. -- What can be a predicative? -- Article or no article with substantives as predicatives. -- Predicative left out. -- Cases in pronouns. -- Nominative and objective. -- After than and as. -- But, save, except. -- Case after let. -- Relative attraction. -- Predicative. -- Objective in independent position. -- Himself. -- Who. -- Second person. -- Cases in substantives. -- Common case and genitive. -- Group-genitive. -- Difficulties with pronouns. -- The meaning of genitive.

Contents note continued: Restrictions in the use of the genitive. -- Lifeless things. -- Measures. -- Genitives as primaries. -- Genitive after of. -- Three persons. -- Substitutes for pronouns. -- Indirect speech. -- Vocative. -- Imperative. -- Verbs. -- Difficulties. -- Generic person. -- Division of pronouns. -- Pronouns of contextual indication (Personal pronouns). -- Ambiguities. -- Unspecified they. -- The self-pronouns. -- It. -- Preparatory it. -- Unspecified it. -- Emphatic it. -- Pronouns of pointing: this, that, yon. -- Representative that. -- Indefinite that. -- Hereafter, etc. -- Thus. -- So. -- The definite article. -- Demonstrative the. -- The article of complete determination. -- Words without article. -- Proper names. -- Times and dates. -- The typical. -- Distributive. -- Languages. -- Diseases. -- No article. -- Repetition. -- The article of incomplete determination. -- Adjectives with proper names. -- The pronoun of identity (same).

Contents note continued: The pronoun of similarity (such). -- Indefinite unity (one). -- Indefinite article. -- Place of indefinite article. -- Pronoun of difference (other). -- Pronoun of discretion (certain). -- Pronoun of unspecified quantity (some). -- Pronouns of indifference (any, either). -- Positive (all, both, every, each). -- Negative (no, none, neither). -- Sex and gender. -- Substantives. -- Three words. -- Two words. -- Man. -- Derived words. -- One word. -- Indication of sex. -- Pronouns. -- It used of living beings. -- He or she of lifeless things. -- Countries. -- Abstracts. -- Who and which. -- Numerals. -- Ordinals. -- Singular and plural. -- Substantives. -- Irregularities. -- Learned plurals. -- The unchanged plural. -- Compounds. -- Pronouns. -- The meaning of plural. -- Special meaning in plural. -- Words used in plural only. -- Thing-words (countables) and mass-words (uncountables). -- Same word used in both ways. -- Plural mass-words. -- Vacillation.

Contents note continued: Individualization. -- Collectives. -- Special complications. -- Higher units. -- The generic number. -- Number in secondary words. -- First part of compounds. -- Verbs. -- Positive, comparative and superlative. -- Regular forms. -- Irregularities. -- More and most. -- Meaning. -- Superiority, equality and inferiority. -- Seeming comparatives. -- Gradual increase. -- Parallel increase. -- Weakened comparatives. -- Higher degree than the positive. -- Too. -- Prefer. -- Superlative. -- Superlative in speaking of two. -- Limited superlative. -- Most. -- Latin comparatives. -- Time and tense. -- Past, present and future time with sub divisions. -- Tenses of English verbs. -- Present tense. -- Formation of preterit. -- Tense-phrases. -- Perfect and pluperfect. -- Expanded tenses. -- Use of the present tense. -- Present time. -- Past time. -- Future time. -- Auxiliaries of the perfect and pluperfect. -- Old and modern use of be. -- Inclusive time.

Contents note continued: I have got. -- Use of the preterit and perfect. -- Used to. -- Preterit for before-past time. -- The pluperfect. -- Infinitive. -- Imperative. -- Participles. -- Second participle. -- Perfect participle. -- Gerund. -- Tenses in the passive. -- Conclusive verbs. -- Present tense. -- Preterit. -- Perfect, etc. -- Other auxiliaries in the passive. -- Imaginative use of the tenses. -- The preterit of imagination. -- Wishes. -- Conditions. -- Was and were. -- Could, might, ought, should. -- Time he went. -- Pluperfect of imagination. -- Infinitive of imagination. -- Indirect speech. -- Expanded tenses. -- Special cases. -- Passive. -- Conclusion. -- Full verb will. -- Auxiliary will. -- Volition. -- Habit. -- Volition-coloured future. -- First person. -- Second person. -- Condition. -- Pure future. -- I will. -- Before-future. -- Supposition. -- Shall. -- Obligation. -- Command. -- Promise or threat. -- Questions. -- Pure future. -- First person.

Contents note continued: Before-future. -- Questions. -- Summary. -- Would. -- Real past. -- Habit. -- Imaginative. -- I would. -- Would you. -- Wishes. -- Conditioned sentences. -- First person. -- Should. -- Real past. -- Imaginative. -- Obligation. -- Advice. -- Obligation effaced. -- Conditional clauses. -- Emotional should. -- Will, shall, would, should in indirect speech. -- Notional survey of time-expressions. -- Forms. -- Indicative. -- Subjunctive. -- Main sentences. -- Clauses. -- Imperative. -- Let. -- Affirmation. -- Emphatic. -- Negation. -- Two tendencies. -- Reconciliation. -- Do. -- Negation to special word. -- With infinitive. -- May not, must not. -- Attraction. -- The meaning of negation. -- Quantitative terms. -- Not and no with comparatives. -- Not all, etc. -- Double negation. -- Weakened and implied negation. -- Questions. -- Two kinds. -- Nexus-questions. -- X-questions. -- Pronouns. -- Prepositions last. -- Adverbs. -- Intonation. -- Word order. -- Do.

Contents note continued: Double-barrelled questions. -- Elliptical questions. -- Exclamations. -- Dependent questions. -- Different forms of dependent nexus. -- Simple nexus as object. -- Object of result. -- Have. -- After other verbs. -- Passive. -- Nexus object of preposition. -- Simple nexus as tertiary. -- Reason or condition. -- Time. -- Description. -- Condensed expressions. -- Word-order. -- Formed from predicatives or from verbs. -- Subject or object. -- Genitive or of. -- Active or passive import. -- Both subject and object. -- Concrete meaning of nexus-substantive. -- Hybrid between substantive and verb. -- Treated as substantive. -- Similarities with verbs. -- Active and passive meaning. -- Object. -- Subject. -- Genitive or possessive. -- Difficulties. -- Common case. -- Personal pronouns. -- Gerund or participle? -- Of and by. -- The gerundial nexus itself subject. -- It and there. -- Substantive or verb? -- Bare infinitive and to-infinitive.

Contents note continued: Infinitives as primaries. -- Object without to. -- With to. -- Have to. -- Verbs, substantives and adjectives with to. -- Infinitive after preposition. -- After than. -- Infinitives as secondaries. -- To do. -- Passive meaning. -- Is to. -- Infinitives as tertiaries. -- Purpose. -- Result. -- Primaries of an infinitive-nexus. -- Subject not mentioned. -- Infinitival nexus as object. -- As object of result. -- After a preposition. -- For, with this construction. -- Subject and infinitive itself subject. -- Split subject. -- Passive. -- For construction. -- There. -- Final remarks. -- Place of adverbs. -- To as representative of infinitive. -- Infinitive and gerund. -- Infinitive itself a sentence. -- Content-clauses. -- Use of it. -- Content-clause after preposition. -- Clauses without that. -- Interrogative clauses as primaries. -- Clauses without conjunction. -- Clause after preposition. -- Infinitive clauses. -- No preposition before clause.

Contents note continued: Relative clauses as primaries. -- Correct analysis. -- Use of who in such clauses. -- Pronouns with ever. -- Extraposition. -- Mental parenthesis. -- Relative or interrogative. -- Relative clauses. -- Restrictive and non-restrictive. -- Double restriction. -- It is. -- Form of relative clauses. -- Clauses with wh-pronouns. -- Which as adjunct. -- Two co-ordinated clauses. -- Contact clauses. -- Clauses with that. -- Wh-pronouns preferred in speaking of persons. -- That however used. -- Other cases. -- That a conjunction. -- As. -- But. -- Final remarks. -- Place of preposition. -- Irregular continuation. -- Concatenation of clauses. -- Adverbs whereof, etc. -- Place. -- Time. -- Contrast. -- Manner. -- Comparison. -- Cause. -- Purpose. -- Result. -- Condition. -- Restriction. -- Concession. -- Indifference. -- Parallelism. -- Amorphous clauses. -- Synopsis of grammatical means. -- The unchanged word. -- Stress and tone. -- Other modifications.

Contents note continued: Endings. -- Separate roots. -- Grammatical words. -- Word-order. -- Grammatical synonyms.
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