Machine generated contents note: Beginning To Think Critically: Recognising Arguments -- Standard Form -- Identifying Conclusions And Premises -- Arguments And Explanations -- Intermediate Conclusions -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- Linguistic Phenomena -- Aspects Of Meaning -- Rhetorical Ploys -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- The Principle Of Charity -- Truth -- Deductive Validity -- Prescriptive Claims Vs Descriptive Claims -- Conditional Propositions -- The Antecedent And Consequent Of A Conditional -- Argument Trees -- Deductive Soundness -- The Connection To Formal Logic -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- Implicit Quantifiers: A Reminder -- Inductive Force -- Inductive Soundness -- Inductive Inferences -- Evidence -- Conversion Of Induction To Deduction -- A Programme For Assessment -- The Connection To Probability Theory -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- Extraneous Material -- Defusing The Rhetoric -- Logical Streamlining -- Implicit And Explicit -- Connecting Premises -- Covering Generalisations -- Relevance -- Ambiguity And Vagueness -- More On Generalisations -- Practical Reasoning -- Balancing Costs, Benefits And Probabilities -- Explanations As Conclusions -- Causal Generalisations -- A Short Cut -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- Rational Persuasiveness -- Some Strategies For Logical Assessment -- Refutation By Counterexample -- Engaging With The Argument I: Avoiding The 'who Is To Say?' Criticism -- Engaging With The Argument Ii: Don't Merely Label The Position -- Argument Commentary -- Complete Examples -- Commentary On The Commentaries -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- Fallacies -- Faulty Argument Techniques -- Too Much Maths! -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises -- Truth And Relativity -- True For Me, True For You -- Truth, Value And Morality -- Theories -- Belief, Justification And Truth -- Justification Without Arguments -- Knowledge -- Justification Failure -- Knowledge And Rational Persuasiveness -- Philosophical Directions -- Chapter Summary -- Exercises.