Introduction -- Background and fundamental concepts -- Syntax and semantics -- Abstraction in programs and information exchange -- Implementation models for imperative languages -- Dynamic memory management --Type theory -- Concurrent programming paradigm -- Functional programming paradigm -- Logic programming paradigm -- Object-oriented programming paradigm -- Web and multimedia programming paradigms -- Other programming paradigms -- Scripting languages -- Conclusion and future of programming languages -- Appendix I: Supported paradigms in languages -- Appendix II: Data abstractions summary -- Appendix III: Control abstractions summary -- Appendix IV: Websites for languages -- Appendix V: Principle of locality -- Appendix VI: Visual memory and page-faults -- Appendix VII: Program correctness and completeness -- Appendix VIII: Complexity of algorithms.