Grades defined -- The pedagogical purposes of grades -- Grade inflation -- The forms grades take: numbers vs. letters -- Determining summative grades -- Grading and failure: retakes and rewrites -- Grading behaviors and dispositions -- Grading collaborative work -- Self-assessment and self-grading -- Technology and the grading process -- The issue of inconsistency -- The advantages and disadvantages of rubrics -- How to report grades -- Shifting the focus from grades to learning.