Introduction -- 1. Social welfare -- Cameralism, social science, and the origins of welfare -- The social realm in Russia -- Warfare and welfare -- The Soviet welfare state -- 2. Public health -- Social medicine and the state -- Social hygiene -- Foreign influences on Soviet health care -- Physical culture and its militarization -- 3. Reproductive policies -- Birthrates and national power -- Contraception, abortion, and reproductive health -- Promoting motherhood and family -- Eugenics -- Infant care and childraising -- 4. Surveillance and propaganda -- Monitoring popular moods -- Wartime propaganda -- Soviet surveillance -- Political enlightenment -- The new Soviet person -- 5. State violence -- Origins of modern state violence -- Internments, deportations, and genocide during the First World War -- The Russian Civil War and the 1920s -- Collectivization and passportization -- The mass operations -- The national operations -- Conclusion.