Music in antiquity -- The Christian Church in the first millennium -- Roman liturgy and chant -- Song and dance music to 1300 -- Polyphony through the thirteenth century -- New developments in the fourteenth century -- Music and the Renaissance -- England and Burgundy in the fifteenth century -- Franco-Flemish composers, 1450-1520 -- Sacred music in the era of the Reformation -- Madrigal and secular song in the sixteenth century -- The rise of instrumental music -- New styles in the seventeenth century -- The invention of opera -- Music for chamber and church in the early seventeenth century -- France, England, Spain, and the New World in the seventeenth century -- Italy and Germany in the late seventeenth century -- The early eighteenth century in Italy and France -- German composers in the late Baroque -- Musical taste and style in the Enlightenment -- Opera and vocal music in the early Classic period -- Instrumental music: sonata, symphony, and concerto -- Classic music in the late eighteenth century -- Revolution and change -- The Romantic generation: song and piano music -- Romanticism in Classical forms: orchestral, chamber, and choral music -- Romantic opera and musical theater to midcentury -- Opera and musical theater in the later nineteenth century -- Late Romanticism in Germany and Austria -- Diverging traditions in the later nineteenth century -- The early twentieth century: vernacular music -- The early twentieth century: the Classical tradition -- Radical modernists -- Between the world wars: jazz and popular music -- Between the world wars: the Classical tradition -- Postwar crosscurrents -- Postwar heirs to the Classical tradition -- The late twentieth century -- The twenty-first century.